Reflexões sobre agressão e violência: da biologia à cultura / Reflections on aggression and violence: from biology to culture / Reflexiones sobre agresión y violencia: de la biología a la cultura

É objetivo deste trabalho examinar a agressão e violência a partir de diferentes abordagens. Dentre as mais relevantes, destaca-se a contribuição de alguns etologistas que afirmam ser a agressão inata e relacionada à sobrevivência da espécie, sendo biologicamente determinada, bem como de alguns antropólogos que referem a cultura como determinante do comportamento agressivo. A relação entre violência e sociedade é discutida sob vários aspectos em sociedades primitivas, o banditismo social e a sociedade contemporânea. O conceito de arquétipo é apontado como possibilidade de trânsito entre essas diferentes visões, e as afirmações de Jung sobre a consciência como possibilidade de lidar com impulsos agressivos de maneira apropriada. Discute-se a influência da violência nos meios de comunicação e identificam-se formas criativas de lidar com a agressão.

The present paper aims to discuss aggression and violence from different perspectives. The contributions of some ethologists who state that aggression is innate and related to species survival, being biologically determined are emphasized, as well as the contributions of some anthropologists that refer the culture as determinants of aggressive behaviors. The relationship between violence and society is discussed in different aspects, focusing primitive societies, social banditism and contemporary society. The concept of archetype is pointed out as a possible bridge between these different visions, and Jung's view about conscience is analyzed as a way to deal with aggressive drives properly. The influence of violence in the media is discussed and creative ways of dealing with aggression are pointed out.

El objetivo de este trabajo es examinar la agresión y la violencia desde diferentes enfoques. Entre los más relevantes, se destaca la contribución de algunos etologistas que afirman ser la agresión innata y relacionada a la supervivencia de la especie, siendo biológicamente determinada, así como de algunos antropólogos que refieren la cultura como determinante del comportamiento agresivo. La relación entre violencia y sociedad se discute bajo varios aspectos en sociedades primitivas, el bandidaje social y la sociedad contemporánea. El concepto de arquetipo se señala como posibilidad de tránsito entre estas diferentes visiones, y las afirmaciones de Jung sobre la conciencia como posibilidad de lidiar con impulsos agresivos de manera apropiada. Se discute la influencia de la violencia en los medios de comunicación y se identifican formas creativas de lidiar con la agresión.

Effect of Ganmai Dazao Decoction on ethology of rats with PTSD and its mechanism / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to explore the effect of Ganmai Dazao Decoction on the ethology of rats with posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) and study the related mechanism through the changes in magnetic resonance imaging and protein expression. Sixty rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, namely the normal group, the model group, the low(1 g·kg~(-1)), medium(2 g·kg~(-1)), and high-dose Ganmai Dazao Decoction groups(4 g·kg~(-1)), and the positive control group(intragastric administration with 10.8 mg·kg~(-1) of fluoxetine), with 10 rats in each group. Two weeks after inducing PTSD by single-prolonged stress(SPS) in rats, the positive control group was given fluoxetine hydrochloride capsule by gavage, the low, medium, and high-dose groups were given Ganmai Dazao Decoction by gavage, and both the normal group and the model group were given the same volume of normal saline by gavage, each for 7 days. The open field experiment, elevated cross elevated maze, forced swimming experiment, and new object recognition test were carried out for the behavioral test. Three rats in each group were selected to detect the expression of neuropeptide receptor Y1(NPY1R) protein in the hippocampus by Western blot. Then, the other three rats in each group were selected to use the 9.4T magnetic resonance imaging experiment to observe the overall structural changes in the brain region and the anisotropy fraction of the hippocampus. The results of the open field experiment showed that the total distance and central distance of rats in the model group were significantly lower than those in the normal group, and the total distance and central distance of rats in the middle and high-dose Ganmai Dazao Decoction groups were higher than those in the model group. The results of the elevated cross maze test showed that medium and high-dose Ganmai Dazao Decoction remarkably increased the number of open arm entries and the residence time of open arm of rats with PTSD. The results of the forced swimming experiment showed that the immobility time in the water of the model group rats was significantly higher than that of the normal group, and Ganmai Dazao Decoction hugely reduced the immobility time in the water of rats with PTSD. The results of the new object recognition test showed that Ganmai Dazao Decoction significantly increased the exploration time of new objects and familiar objects in rats with PTSD. The results of Western blot showed that Ganmai Dazao Decoction significantly reduced the expression of NYP1R protein in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. The 9.4T magnetic resonance examination found that there was no significant difference in the structural image among the groups. In the functional image, the fractional anisotropy(FA value) of the hippocampus in the model group was significantly lower than that in the normal group. The FA value of the hippocampus in the middle and high-dose Ganmai Dazao Decoction groups was higher than that in the model group. Ganmai Dazao Decoction reduces the injury of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the expression of NYP1R in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD, thereby improving the nerve function injury of rats with PTSD and playing a neuroprotective role.

Mating behavior of the long-legged cricket Eidmanacris meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995 (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae)

ABSTRACT Pair-formation, courtship, copulatory, and post-copulatory behaviors of Eidmanacris meridionalis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995, were described under laboratory conditions and compared with congeneric species and other Phalangopsidae crickets whose mating behavior has been previously studied. Field observations for the species are also reported. Mating behaviors were observed in E. meridionalis couples: they first remained motionless, and then began walking through the arena screening the substrate. Mating behavior started with antennal contact, followed by males positioning themselves in front of females, that, when receptive, mounted on the males back and started feeding on metanotum secretions of the males. Copulation (female-above-male position) started with the engaging of copulatory structures and stopped with couple detachment. The end-to-end position was observed once, right after couple detachment. Males always remained with the spermatophore, which was eaten after removal or, alternatively, left in the substrate. The main differences in mating behavior of Eidmanacris species regard the mating position and the duration of the reproductive stages, suggesting that other reproductive repertoires can be observed in the genus since 27 species have not yet been studied in regards their reproductive behavior. We can also assume that the morphological, genetic, and chemical diversity found among the species of Phalangopsidae reflects in the behaviors of pair-formation, courtship, copulation, and post-copulation, leading to a diversity of copulation positions, duration of the stages, methods of attracting partners and parental investment. The description of Phalangopsidae mating patterns can provide important information for future evolutionary and phylogenetic studies, apart from useful for distinguishing cryptic species.

Thermal and behavioral response of horses submitted to functional exercises and acupuncture / Resposta térmica e comportamental de equinos submetidos a exercícios funcionais e acupuntura

The present research evaluated muscle activation degrees and relaxation of patrolling horses submitted to dynamic mobilization exercises, associated or not with acupuncture. Twelve mixed breed gelding, aged 10 ± 2.0 years, were distributed in three treatments. Treatment with a single session of dynamic mobilization exercises (longitudinal cervical flexion of head between hooves, between carpus and to up to chest); treatment with a single acupuncture session during 20 minutes, and treatment with a single session of dynamic mobilization exercises with acupuncture. Thermographic images were analyzed before and after applying treatments to the cervical, thoracic, dorsal, abdominal and pelvic regions. Animal behavior was assessed through five minutes filming, before and ten minutes after the end of each treatment application, in an uninterrupted way. Increase in animals body temperature at the end of the single session of functional exercises (P < 0.0001) at all animal regions were reported, being cervical and thoracic areas with highest final temperature values. There was no temperature variation for other treatments (P > 0.05). All treatments stimulated higher expression frequency (P < 0.05) of relaxation behaviors. A single dynamic mobilization exercises session is enough to promote intense muscular response in entire horse body; and with acupuncture, individually or associated, promoted muscle and mental relaxation, interfering positively in animal welfare.

Objetivou-se avaliar o grau de ativação e relaxamento muscular de equinos de patrulhamento submetidos à exercícios de mobilização dinâmica associados ou não à acupuntura. Doze cavalos castrados, sem raça definida, com idade de 10 ± 2,0 anos, foram distribuídos em três tratamentos: tratamento com uma sessão única de exercícios de mobilização dinâmica (flexão cervical longitudinal da cabeça entre os cascos, entre os carpos e até o peito); tratamento com sessão única de acupuntura (20 minutos); e tratamento com sessão única composta por exercícios de mobilização dinâmica associados a acupuntura. Foram analisadas imagens termográficas antes e após a aplicação dos tratamentos das regiões cervical, torácica, dorsal, abdominal e pélvica. A avaliação comportamental foi obtida por meio de filmagens 5 minutos antes e 10 minutos após o término da aplicação dos tratamentos, de maneira ininterrupta. Houve aumento (P < 0,0001) na temperatura corporal dos animais ao final da sessão única de exercícios funcionais para todas as regiões estudadas, sendo a cervical e torácica aquelas com maior valor de temperatura final. Não houve variação da temperatura nos demais tratamentos (P > 0,05). Todos os tratamentos geraram maior frequência (P < 0,05) na expressão de comportamentos relacionados ao relaxamento. A realização de uma sessão única de exercícios de mobilização dinâmica é suficiente para promover uma intensa resposta muscular em todo o corpo do equino, e tanto os exercícios funcionais quanto a acupuntura, de maneira individual ou associada, foram capazes de promover relaxamento muscular e mental, interferindo de maneira positiva no bem-estar dos animais.

Dung avoidance behavior in Crioula Lanada lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes in a rotational pasture system / Comportamento de afastamento do bolo fecal em cordeiros Crioula Lanada naturalmente infectados com nematoides gastrintestinais em sistema de pastoreio rotacionado

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate foraging distance (FD) from the dung, parasitological and physiological factors in 18 Crioula Lanada lambs naturally infected by nematodes with three infection levels (IL) in a Voisin Grazing System. In the pre-experimental phase animal feces collection, deworming, observer training, animal adaptation and dung demarcation were carried out; in the experimental phase, grazing distance, feces, pasture and blood sampling. An initial exploratory analysis was carried out (Kruskal-Wallis test). Fixed predictors were selected with a cumulative logit regression model; an ordinal logistic regression mixed model identified influencing factors of ordinal responses for (i) FD, (ii) infective larvae quantity (L3). Animals approached the dung when the radiation or temperature were more intense (P < 0.05). Paddock entry/exit, IgG and L3 influenced FD over time (P < 0.05). L3, in turn, was influenced by IL, FEC and corpuscular volume (CV). In the High IL group, FD varied between 60-100 cm. Greater L3 and FEC were found in the High and Low IL from the 4th week (P < 0.05). Naturally infected Crioula Lanada lambs increased the distance from the dung, which was not related to IL but to the dynamics of solar radiation and parasitological and immunological factors.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distância de forrageamento do bolo fecal (DF), fatores parasitológicos e fisiológicos em 18 cordeiros Crioula Lanada, naturalmente infectados por nematoides com três níveis de infecção (NI) em sistema Pastoreio Racional Voisin (PRV). Na fase pré-experimental, houve coleta de fezes dos animais, vermifugação, treinamento de observadores, adaptação dos animais e demarcação do bolo fecal; na fase experimental, distância, fezes, pastagem e sangue. Um modelo de regressão "logit" cumulativa selecionou preditores fixos; um modelo misto de regressão logística ordinal identificou fatores influenciadores das respostas ordinais para (i) DF (ii) quantidade de larva infectante (L3). Os cordeiros se aproximaram do bolo fecal quando a radiação ou temperatura foram mais intensas (P < 0,05). A entrada e a saída dos piquetes, a ingestão de L3 e IgG influenciaram DF (P < 0,05). L3 foi influenciada por NI, OPG e volume corpuscular. O grupo NI Alta variou a distância entre 60-100 cm. Maior L3 e a FEC foram encontrados nos grupos NI Alta e Baixa a partir da 4ª semana (P < 0,05). Cordeiros Crioula Lanada, naturalmente infectados, aumentaram a DF, sem relação com nível, de infecção, mas com a dinâmica da radiação solar e dos fatores parasitológicos e imunológicos.

Hegemonia do patriarcado numa perspectiva etológica e outros sistemas sociais contemporâneos / Patriarchal hegemony and other social systems: an ethological perspective / L'hégémonie patriarcale et d'autres systèmes sociaux: une perspective éthologique / Hegemonía del patriarcado desde una perspectiva etológica y otros sistemas contemporáneos

Resumo No mundo contemporâneo, o patriarcado se estabeleceu de forma hegemônica, por isso, este estudo tem como propósito investigar hipóteses sobre a origem evolutiva desse sistema, explorar os motivos para tal construção social e discutir a filopatria masculina como possível causa da manutenção da estrutura patriarcal. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e estudos etológicos foi possível analisar os comportamentos, conceitos, origens, padrões e conformações em nível filogenético desse sistema social. Além disso, verifica-se a existência de sociedades contemporâneas que se contrapõem ao patriarcalismo por possuírem organizações matrilineares, matrilocais e matriarcais. Dessa maneira, apesar da hegemonia do sistema patriarcal, essa estrutura não é única e estática, sendo seu dinamismo evidenciado por conformações sociais existentes na contemporaneidade.

Abstract Patriarchy is a hegemonic social system in the contemporary world. This study investigates the evolutionary origins of patriarchy, exploring its basis and whether masculine philopatry acts to maintain the patriarchal structure. An an integrative literature review of ethological studies allowed us to analysing behaviors, concepts, origins, patterns and conformations at the phylogenetic level. Moreover, it verified the existence of current matrilineal and matriarchal communities that oppose patriarchy. Despite its hegemony, patriarchy is neither unique nor static, as evidenced by distinct contemporary social configurations.

Résumé Le patriarcat est u système social hégémonique dans le monde contemporain. Cette étude a pour but d''évaluerse penche sur les origines évolutives du patriarcat, en explorant ses fondements et en examinant si la philopatrie masculine agit pour maintenir la structure patriarcale. Une revue de littérature intégrative des études éthologiques nous a permis d'analyser les comportements, les concepts, les origines, les modèles et la configuration du patriarcat au niveau phylogénétique. De plus, elle a permis de vérifier l'existence de communautés matrilinéaires et matriarcales contemporaines qui s'opposent au patriarcat. Malgré son hégémonie, le patriarcat n'est ni unique ni statique, comme en témoignent les différentes configurations sociales contemporaines.

Resumen En la contemporaneidad, el sistema patriarcal se ha establecido de forma hegemónica. Este estudio tiene como propósito plantear hipótesis sobre el origen evolutivo del patriarcado, explorar los motivos para tal construcción social y discutir la filopatria masculina como posible causa del mantenimiento de la estructura patriarcal. A partir de la investigación bibliográfica y de estudios etológicos ha sido posible hacer un análisis de los comportamientos, conceptos, orígenes, patrones y conformaciones a nivel filogenético de ese sistema social. Además, se observa la existencia de sociedades contemporáneas que se contraponen al patriarcalismo al poseer organizaciones matrilineales, matrilocales y matriarcales. De esta forma, a pesar de la hegemonía del sistema patriarcal, esta estructura no es única y estática, y su dinamismo es evidenciado por conformaciones sociales existentes en la actualidad.

Feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing old man saltbush hay / Comportamiento ingestivo de corderos alimentados con dietas conteniendo heno de hierba-sal / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo feno de erva-sal

Abstract Background: We hypothesized that a diet with old man saltbush hay used as an alternative source of nutrients could partially replace the concentrate in the feeding of feedlot lambs. Objective: This study evaluated the behavior and performance of lambs fed diets containing increasing levels of old man saltbush hay plus concentrate. Methods: Twenty-four castrated Santa Inês lambs at approximately eight months of age (22 ± 1.97 kg) were confined in a randomized complete design and fed diets containing 30, 40, 50, and 60% (dry matter: DM) of old man saltbush hay. Results: The intake of DM and neutral detergent fiber was not affected (p>0.05) by the level of old man saltbush hay. Intake of mineral salt decreased (p<0.01) as the proportion of old man saltbush in the diet increased. Weight gain (kg) and feed efficiency worsened (p<0.05) with 40% inclusion of old man salt bush hay. The time spent on feeding and chewing increased (p<0.05), while idle time was reduced (p<0.01) with dietary inclusion of old man saltbush. Feed efficiency decreased (p<0.05) with the inclusion of old man saltbush. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of old man saltbush affects the feeding behavior and performance of lambs in feedlot.

Resumen Antecedentes: Nuestra hipótesis consistió en que una dieta con heno de hierba-sal como fuente alternativa de nutrientes puede sustituir parcialmente el concentrado en la alimentación de corderos confinados. Objetivo: Evaluar el comportamiento ingestivo de corderos alimentados con dietas conteniendo niveles incrementales de heno de hierba-sal asociado al concentrado. Métodos: Veinticuatro corderos Santa Inés, castrados, con aproximadamente ocho meses de edad, peso corporal de 22 ± 1,97 kg, confinados, fueron distribuidos en un arreglo experimental completamente aleatorizado y alimentados con dietas conteniendo 30, 40, 50 y 60% (materia seca: MS) de heno de hierba-sal. Resultados: El consumo de MS y fibra detergente neutra no se vió afectado (p>0,05) por los diferentes niveles de inclusión de hierba-sal. La ingestión de sal mineral se redujo (p<0,01) al incrementar la hierba-sal en la dieta. La ganancia de peso (kg) y la eficiencia alimenticia empeoraron (p<0,05) con la inclusión de 40% de heno de hierba-sal. El tiempo empleado para las actividades de alimentación y masticación aumentó (p<0,05), mientras que el de ocio se redujo (p<0,01) con la inclusión de hierba-sal. La eficiencia alimenticia de la materia seca disminuyó (p<0,05) a medida que aumentó el nivel de inclusión de heno de hierba-sal. Conclusión: La inclusión de heno de hierba-sal en la dieta afecta el comportamiento ingestivo y el rendimiento de corderos confinados.

Resumo Antecedentes: A hipótese foi que uma dieta com o feno de erva-sal como fonte alternativa de nutrientes poderia substituir parcialmente o concentrado na alimentação de cordeiros confinados. Objetivo: Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo feno de erva-sal associado com o concentrado. Métodos: Vinte e quatro cordeiros Santa Inês, castrados, com aproximadamente oito meses de idade, peso corporal de 22 ± 1,97 kg, confinados, foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado e alimentados com dietas contendo 30, 40, 50 e 60% (matéria seca (MS)) de feno de erva-sal. Resultados: O consumo de matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro não foram comprometidos (p>0,05) pelos diferentes níveis de erva-sal. A ingestão de sal mineral reduziu (p<0,01) com o aumento de erva sal nas dietas. O ganho de peso e a eficiência alimentar pioraram (p<0,05) a partir da inclusão de 40% de feno de erva-sal na dieta dos cordeiros. O tempo despendido para as atividades de alimentação e mastigação aumentaram (p<0,05), enquanto que o de ócio reduziu (p<0,01) com a inclusão da erva sal nas dietas. A eficiência de alimentação da matéria seca diminuiu (p<0,05) à medida que se incluiu o feno de erva-sal. Conclusão: A inclusão de feno de erva-sal na dieta afeta o comportamento ingestivo eo desempenho de cordeiros confinados.

Apego e comunicação: considerando o desenvolvimento infantil sob a ótica da etologia e da psicanálise / Attachment and communication: child development from the perspective of ethology and psychoanalysis / Attachement et communication: considérations sur le développement de l'enfant sous la perspective de l'éthologie et de la psychanalyse / Apego y comunicación: considerando el desarrollo infantil desde la perspectiva de la etología y el psicoanálisis

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar o vínculo primário da criança com sua mãe, colocando-o como primordial no desenvolvimento humano. Sob a ótica interdisciplinar da etologia e da psicanálise, discutem-se as noções de períodos sensíveis, estampagem e comportamento de apego, estabelecendo um paralelo entre os desenvolvimentos animal e humano. Em seguida, disserta-se sobre os modos de comunicação e suas raízes nas relações de apego que o indivíduo estabelece no início da vida, levando-se em consideração a clínica psicanalítica com o auxílio da teoria etológica.

Abstract This article addresses the primary bond of children to their mothers as primordial in human development. Based on an interdisciplinar perspective uniting ethology and psychoanalysis, we go through the notions of sensitive periods, imprinting and attachment behavior, establishing a parallel between animal and human development. Then, we discuss modes of communication and their roots in attachment relationships established by the individual at the beginning of life, taking into account clinical practice in psychoanalysis with the help of ethological theory.

Résumé Cet article vise à aborder le lien primaire entre l'enfant et sa mère, en le plaçant comme primordial dans le développement humain. Dans la perspective interdisciplinaire de l'éthologie et de la psychanalyse, nous abordons les notions de périodes sensibles, de comportement d'estampage et d'attachement, établissant un parallèle entre les développements humain et animal. Ensuite, nous discutons les modes de communication et leurs racines dans les relations d'attachement que l'individu établit au début de sa vie, en tenant compte de la clinique psychanalytique à l'aide de la théorie éthologique.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo abordar el vínculo primario del niño con su madre al considerarlo primordial en el desarrollo humano. Desde la perspectiva interdisciplinaria de la etología y el psicoanálisis, pasamos por las nociones de períodos sensibles, estampación y comportamiento de apego, estableciendo un paralelismo entre el desarrollo animal y humano. Luego, discutimos los modos de comunicación y sus raíces en las relaciones de apego que el individuo establece al comienzo de la vida, teniendo en cuenta la clínica psicoanalítica y la teoría etológica.

Research Progress on the Effect of Synthetic Cathinones on Animal Behavior / 法医学杂志

Synthetic cathinones are a class of new psychoactive substances with a structure similar to amphetamine drugs, which can produce excitatory effects similar to drugs such as amphetamine and cocaine after being taken. In recent years, the abuse of synthetic cathinones worldwide has become increasingly serious, posing a serious threat to social security and public health. This article focuses on several common synthetic cathinones, collects their research results in animal autonomous activity experiments and drug dependence model experiments and summarizes their relevant experimental conclusions in animal body temperature regulation, learning and memory, and anxiety, in order to provide data reference and method guidance for the domestic development of related drug research.

Behavioral activities of white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) in a semi-intensive farming system in Brazil / [Atividades comportamentais de queixadas (Tayassu pecari, Link, 1795) em sistema semi-intensivo de criação no Brasil]

This study aimed to describe the main behaviors of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) expressed in a semi-intensive production system in Brazil. The behavioral activities of two groups of peccaries allocated in two paddocks were assessed, totaling 17 adult animals and eventual pups in different developmental stages. The animals were visually observed using the ad libitum sampling and scan sample methods during the adaptation and experimental phases, respectively. The animals were evaluated in the morning, afternoon, and at night. The behavioral activities observed by ad libitum sampling comprised feeding, pool contact, moving, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing, mutual rubbing, rubbing, aggression, sexual behavior, copulation, foraging, breastfeeding, sleeping, territorial marking, interactions, birthing, gnawing, and other behaviors. All behaviors observed by the ad libitum sampling method were confirmed in the experimental period by scan sample, except for territorial marking and birthing. The effects of time of day were statistically significant (p <0.05) for eating, pool contact, movement, staying inside the handling area, resting, mud bathing and sleeping. These results contribute to the understanding of instinctive animal habits and to the development of nutritional, environmental and health management protocols that meet the requirements of peccaries.(AU)

Objetivou-se descrever os principais comportamentos que os queixadas (Tayassu pecari) expressam em sistema de produção semi-intensivo no Brasil, bem como suas diferenças de frequências comportamentais em função do período do dia. Foram avaliadas as atividades comportamentais de dois grupos de queixadas alocados em dois piquetes, totalizando 17 animais adultos e eventuais filhotes em diferentes estágios comportamentais. Na fase adaptativa e experimental os animais foram observados visualmente pelos métodos ad libitum e scan sample, respectivamente. Os animais foram avaliados nos períodos da manhã, tarde e noite. As atividades comportamentais observadas pelo método ad libitum foram alimentação, contato com a piscina, movimentação, interior do brete de manejo, descanso, lameando, esfregação mútua, esfregar-se, agressão, comportamento sexual, cópula, fuçando, amamentação, dormindo, marcando território, interações, manilha, parição, roendo e outros comportamentos. Todos os comportamentos observados pelo método ad libitum foram confirmados no período experimental scan sample, exceto para as variáveis marcando território e parição. O efeito do período do dia foi estatisticamente significativo (P<0,05) sobre as frequências dos comportamentos alimentação, contato com a piscina, movimentação, interior do brete de manejo, descanso, lameando e dormindo. Os resultados contribuem para a compreensão dos hábitos instintivos dos animais e, com isso, colaborar com a elaboração de protocolos de manejo nutricional, ambiental e sanitário, buscando-se suprir as necessidades dos queixadas. Futuras pesquisas envolvendo queixadas em cativeiro fomentarão os estudos voltados aos aspectos biológicos, conservacionistas e produtivos.(AU)

Narcotic detection dogs: an overview of high-performance animals / Cães de detecção de narcóticos: uma visão geral dos animais de alto desempenho

ABSTRACT: Considered one of the best odor detectors, dogs go through a rigorous selection and training process. Based on learning theories, modern techniques are used for dog training, respecting individual characteristics, efficiency, and well-being. Since narcotics detection work is perceived as a "play" for the dog, in practice, this promotes a high use rate in the service. The performance of handlers influences the work of the dogs, and well-trained and well-run dogs must work comfortably and accurately. This paper aimed to review the aspects related to the selection, training, and performance of narcotics detection dogs.

RESUMO: Considerado um dos melhores detectores de odores, os cães passam por um rigoroso processo de seleção e treinamento. Baseado nas teorias da aprendizagem, utilizam-se técnicas modernas para a formação do cão respeitando suas características individuais, eficiência e o bem-estar. Uma vez que o trabalho de detecção de narcóticos seja entendido como uma grande brincadeira para o cão, isso na prática promove um alto índice de aproveitamento no serviço. O desempenho dos condutores influencia o trabalho dos cães, que bem treinados e bem conduzidos, devem trabalhar de forma confortável e precisa. Este trabalho objetiva revisar aspectos relacionados à seleção, formação e desempenho dos cães de detecção (K9) de narcóticos.

Effect of mild hypothermia on behaviors of rats with intracerebral hemorrhage and the possible mechanism / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of mild hypothermia on inflammatory response and angiogenesis in brain tissues of rats with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its possible mechanism for improving behavioral deficits of the rats After ICH.@*METHODS@#A total of 120 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, ICH group and mild hypothermia group. Rat models of ICH were established in the latter two groups by stereotactic injection of autogenous blood in the brain, and the rats in the sham operation group received injection of normal saline in the same manner. At 15 min after modeling, the rats in hypothermia group were subjected to mild hypothermia (30-32 ℃) for 8 h followed by rewarming (37-38 ℃); the body temperature was maintained at 37-38 ℃ in the other two groups. At 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the treatment, Longa scoring, balance beam scoring and Berderson scoring were used to evaluate the behavioral deficits of the rats. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the brain tissue of the rats, and the mRNA expressions of α subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected using RT- PCR.@*RESULTS@#At 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the treatment, the behavioral scores of the rats were significantly higher in ICH group and mild induced hypothermia group than in the sham operation group ( < 0.05 or 0.01). The protein expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB and mRNA expressions of HIF1-α and VEGF were significantly higher in ICH group and mild hypothermia group than in the sham operation group ( < 0.01). The behavioral scores were significantly lower in mild hypothermia group than in ICH group ( < 0.05), and the protein expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB were lower and the mRNA expressions of HIF1- α and VEGF were higher in mild hypothermia group than in ICH group ( < 0.05 or 0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Mild hypothermia can improve behavioral deficits in rats with ICH possibly by antagonizing brain inflammation and promoting angiogenesis.

Effect and Mechanism of Chaihu Yueju Decoction on Depression Model Rats Induced by CUMS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Chaihu Yueju decoction on model rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS）. Method:The 60 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， Chaihu Yueju decoction low， medium and high-dose groups（0.3， 0.6， 1.2 g·kg-1） and fluoxetine hydrochloride group（0.2 mg·kg-1）， 10 for each group. The model rats was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress for 5 weeks， and then Chaihu Yueju decoction and fluoxetine hydrochloride were given to the corresponding treatment group by gavage for 3 weeks. In the last week of gavage， Morris water maze training and testing were conducted. After the last day of gavage， sugar water preference and other behavioral experiment were tested. The sugar water preference test was used to detect the degree of pleasure deficiency in rats before and after treatment， the open field test was used to detect the depression of rats before and after treatment， the spatial memory ability was tested by Morris water maze. Western blot was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A （5-HT1A）， extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） and synapse associated protein in hippocampus of each group， Gloji and Nissl staining was used to observe the changes of dendritic spines and Nissl bodies in the hippocampus CA3. Result:Compared with normal group， the weight， sugar water preference rate， the scores of horizontal and vertical movement were significantly reduced （P<0.05）， and the immobility time was significantly prolonged in model group （P<0.05）. Meanwhile， the ability of learning and memory in model group decreased （P<0.05）. Western blot results showed that the levels of TNF-α was significantly increased （P<0.05）， and the levels of 5-HT1A， p-ERK， cyclic adenosine phosphate reactive element binding protein （CREB）， p-CREB， Synapsin-1，Synaptophysin， glutamate receptor subtype-1（GluR-1）and postsynaptic membrane protein-95（PSD-95） in model group were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Gloji and Nissl staining results showed that the density of dendritic spines and the number of Nissl body in the hippocampal CA3 of the model group was obviously attenuate （P<0.05）. The results show that the neurons were evidently damaged. Compared with model group， the weight， sugar water preference rate， the scores of horizontal and vertical movement were clearly increased （P<0.05） and the immobility time was significantly shortened in fluoxetine hydrochloride group， middle dose and high dose Chaihu Yueju decoction group （P<0.05）. Western blot results showed that the levels of synaptophysin， GluR-1 and PSD-95 were significantly increased in fluoxetine hydrochloride group， middle dose and high dose Chaihu Yueju decoction group. The level of TNF-α was significantly decreased （P<0.05）， the levels of 5-HT1A， p-ERK， CREB， p-CREB and Synapsin-1 were remarkably increased （P<0.05）， especially the high dose group of Chaihu Yueju decoction. Gloji and Nissl staining results showed that the density of dendritic spines and the number of Nissl body in the hippocampal CA3 of high dose group were similarly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion:Chaihu Yueju decoction could improves the weight， the depressive despair， autonomous activity ability and learning and memory ability of DP model rats. Its mechanism is closely related to attenuating the inflammatory reaction and enhancing the levels of 5-HT1A receptor protein， ERK and synapse related protein， then activating 5-HT/CREB and ERK/CREB signaling pathways， increasing the number and distribution of dendritic spines and repairing damaged neurons in the DP model rat's hippocampus.

Psicologia e etologias: algumas contribuições de Deleuze, Haraway e Despret / Psychology and etologies: some contributions from Deleuze, Haraway and Despret / Psicología y etologías: algunas contribuciones de Deleuze, Haraway y Despret

Este artigo, de natureza teórica, tem como objetivo abordar contribuições de Donna Haraway, Vincianne Despret e Gilles Deleuze em aliança com Félix Guattari para pensar Etologias, que adotamos no plural, Etologias, a fim de destacar as singularidades dos modos pelos quais animais são pensados e inseridos em narrativas sobre suas práticas no mundo e sobre as paisagens nas quais humanos e animais se encontram e constituem subjetivações. Percorremos, portanto, dois campos de estudos. De um lado, a Filosofia da Diferença com a proposição de uma Etologia dos afetos e das potências e, de outro, as Epistemologias Feministas em Ciência e Tecnologia que enfatizam as práticas cotidianas dos animais enredadas em entramados de naturezas culturas. As relações entre humanos e animais são o fio transversal que adotamos para argumentar sobre as contribuições dos autores (as) para pensar Etologias.

This article, of a theoretical nature, aims to address contributions by Donna Haraway, Vincianne Despret and Gilles Deleuze in alliance with Félix Guattari to think of etologies, which adopt in the plural, Etologies, an end-of-life as singularities of the same values by which they are. Animals are thought and inserted into narratives about their practices in the world and about how the landscapes in which humans and animals are exposed and subjectivated. We therefore went through two fields of study. On the one hand, the Philosophy of Difference with a proposal of ethology of affects and powers and others, such as Feminist Epistemologies in Science and Technology that emphasize as daily practices of animals entangled in understandings of nature. The relationships between humans and animals are transversal that contribute authors to think about Etologies.

Este artículo, de carácter teórico, tiene como objetivo discutir las contribuciones de Donna Haraway, Vincianne Despret y Gilles Deleuze en alianza con Félix Guattari para pensar en las etologías, que adoptan en plural, las etologías, un fin de la vida como singularidades de los mismos valores por los cuales los autores. Los animales son pensados e insertados en narraciones sobre sus prácticas en el mundo y sobre cómo los paisajes en los que los humanos y los animales están expuestos y subjetivados. Por lo tanto, pasamos por dos campos de estudio. Por un lado, la Filosofía de la Diferencia con una propuesta de etología de afectos y poderes y otros, como las Epistemologías Feministas en Ciencia y Tecnología que enfatizan como prácticas cotidianas de los animales enredados en la comprensión de la naturaleza. Las relaciones entre humanos y animales son transversales que contribuyen a los autores a pensar en etologías.

Infants' Characteristics and Skills: Dissolving the Nature/Nurture Dichotomy / Características e Competências dos Bebês: Rompendo a Dicotomia Inato/Aprendido / Características y Habilidades de los Bebés: Rompendo la Dicotomía Innato /Aprendido

Abstract According to an emergent group of researchers, systemic, relational and evolutionary thought is needed to understand the development of organisms' characteristics and competences. In this paper, we first introduce the prevalent view on the biological basis of behavior, based on the New Synthesis of Modern Biology. Next, we present the critical view of those who defend Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. The existing debate between the different perspectives is illustrated by studies on infants' sensorial capacities, attachment, and neonatal imitation. Possible interpretations, based on the theoretical approaches presented, lead to a reflection on the innate/acquired dichotomy: from the prevailing view, this dichotomy is overcome because the interaction between the innate and the acquired is being considered to explain the characteristics of living beings. A further reflection on the developmental processes involved in the emergence of behavior, on the concepts of what is learning and what is innate leads to the dissolution of this dichotomy.

Resumo Uma corrente emergente de pesquisadores vem defendendo que a compreensão sobre o desenvolvimento das características e competências dos organismos passa pela adoção de um pensamento sistêmico, relacional e também evolucionista. Com o objetivo de apresentar este pensamento, inicialmente discutimos a visão prevalente sobre as bases biológicas do comportamento, que se baseia na Nova Síntese da Biologia Moderna, e, a seguir, expomos a crítica colocada pelos defensores da Síntese Estendida da Evolução. Os debates entre as abordagens serão exemplificados por meio da apresentação de pesquisas sobre as capacidades sensoriais e estabelecimento de vínculo do bebê e a imitação neonatal. As interpretações possíveis, baseadas nas abordagens teóricas apresentadas, desembocam em uma reflexão sobre a dicotomia inato/adquirido: pela visão prevalente, esta dicotomia está superada porque a interação entre o inato e o adquirido vem sendo considerada para explicar as características dos seres vivos. Uma reflexão aprofundada sobre os processos de desenvolvimento envolvidos na emergência do comportamento ressignifica, no entanto, os conceitos de inato e aprendido, levando à dissolução desta dicotomia.

Resumen Una corriente emergente de investigadores viene defendiendo que la comprensión del desarrollo de los carácter y competencias de los organismos implica la adopción de un enfoque sistémico, relacional y evolucionista. Con el fin de presentar este argumento, en principio discutiremos la visión predominante sobre las bases biológicas del comportamiento, soportada en la Nueva Síntesis de la Biología Moderna y, a continuación, expondremos la crítica propuesta por los partidarios de la Síntesis Evolutiva Extendida. El debate entre los enfoques será ejemplificado a través de la presentación de investigaciones sobre capacidades sensoriales, el establecimiento del apego e imitación neonatal. Las posibles interpretaciones desde cada uno de los enfoques teóricos presentados desembocaran en una reflexión sobre la dicotomía innato/ adquirido: el punto de vista predominante sostiene que esta dicotomía se supera cuando se consideran las interacciones innato-adquirido. Una reflexión profunda sobre los procesos de desarrollo, involucrados en la emergencia del comportamiento, conduce a la disolución de la dicotomia innato-aprendido.

Selección de hábitat y composición de la dieta de Microlophus occipitalis (Reptilia: Tropiduridae) en Sechura, Piura - Perú / Habitat selection and diet composition of Microlophus occipitalis (Reptilia: Tropiduridae) in Sechura, Piura - Peru

Microlophus occipitalis es una lagartija diurna que se distribuye en las costas de Ecuador y Perú, de la cual se pretende determinar el uso y selección de los recursos de hábitat, así como los principales componentes de su dieta. Se trabajó en la laguna Ñapique (Piura, Perú), usando el Diseño Tipo I de Manly (la disponibilidad y uso se estiman para todos los individuos de la especie dentro del área de estudio), y el Coeficiente de Selección de Manly para determinar la selección de recursos. La composición de la dieta y amplitud del nicho trófico se analizó con el índice de Levins estandarizado. Un total de 1055 observaciones permitieron determinar que M. occipitalis seleccionó los recursos Tronco y Piedra. La actividad dominante fue la Alimentación, seguida del Soleamiento. Existió un alto consumo de Himenópteros, seguido de los Coleópteros. Microlophus occipitalis es una especie que usa principalmente los troncos y las piedras que se presentan en su hábitat para poder termorregular. Su principal actividad es la alimenticia. Es una especie carnívora que en la temporada de primavera-verano consume principalmente hormigas y coleópteros pero complementa su dieta con flores y hojas en baja cantidad, en un consumo aparentemente accidental.

Microlophus occipitalis is a diurnal lizard distributed on the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, of which it is tried to determine the use and resources selection of habitat, as well as the main components of its diet. Survey was done in Napique lagoon (Piura, Peru), using the Design Type I of Manly (availability and use are estimated for all individuals of the species within the study area), and the Manly Selection Ratio to determine resources selection. The composition of the diet and amplitude of the trophic niche was analyzed with the standardized Levins index. A total of 1055 observations allowed determining that M. occipitalis selected the Trunk and Stone resources. The dominant activity was Food, followed by Sunbathe. There was a high consumption of Hymenoptera, followed by the Coleoptera. Microlophus occipitalis is a species that mainly uses the trunks and stones that occur in its habitat to be able to thermoregulate. Its main activity is food. It is a carnivorous species that in the spring-summer season consumes mainly ants and coleoptera but complements its diet with flowers and leaves in low quantity, in a seemingly accidental consumption.

Death-feigning behaviour in Iphisa elegans: the second reported case in the Family Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata) / Comportamento de tanatose em Iphisa elegans: o segundo caso na Família Gymnophthalmidae (Reptilia: Squamata)

Death-feigning behaviour occurs when the animal simulates a state of immobility. This behaviour is described for some lizard families, among them the family Gymnophthalmidae with only one record. Iphisa elegans is a diurnal and terrestrial Amazonian gymnophtalmid lizard. It has cryptic behavior and moves rapidly on the ground, hindering observations of its behavior. We report a case at the Comodoro Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. An adult male of I. elegans, when manipulated, turned its venter up and put itself in a death-feigning posture. This species is preyed upon by birds, snakes and other lizards¸ possibly behaving this way when the cryptic behaviour or escape attempt fails. More studies are necessary to evaluate the efficiency of this behaviour, as well as its frequency of occurrence, using individuals of both sexes. We also suggest to evaluate if the orange venter of males could have any antipredation advantage.

Fingir-se de morto é um comportamento no qual o animal simula um estado de imobilidade. Esse comportamento é descrito em algumas famílias de lagartos, dentre as quais, a família Gymnophthalmidae com apenas um registro. Iphisa elegans é um lagarto gymnoftalmídeo amazônico diurno e terrestre. Possui comportamento críptico e move-se rapidamente pelo solo, dificultando observações de seu comportamento. Reportamos um caso no município de Comodoro, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil: um macho adulto de I. elegans, quando manipulado, virou seu ventre para cima e fingiu-se de morto. Esta espécie é predada por pássaros, serpentes e outros lagartos, possivelmente portando-se dessa forma quando o comportamento críptico ou tentativa de fuga falham. São necessários mais estudos para observar a eficiência desse comportamento, assim como sua frequência de ocorrência, usando indivíduos de ambos os sexos. Também sugerimos que deve ser avaliado se a coloração alaranjada no ventre dos machos poderia fornecer alguma vantagem antipredação.

The peculiar breeding biology of the Amazonian frog Allobates subfolionidificans (Aromobatidae)

ABSTRACT Allobates subfolionidificans is a vulnerable and endemic leaf-litter frog from the state of Acre, Brazilian Amazonia. We monitored a population of A. subfolionidificans through regular censuses and mark-recapture of 181 individuals during an entire breeding season to characterize its reproductive behavior. The space use of A. subfolionidificans individuals differed between sexes, with males using smaller and more segregated spaces. Males defended territories and were aggressive against same-sex individuals, which was not the case in females. The daily cycle of calling activity showed peaks in the morning and in the afternoon, and the occurrence of reproductive events was positively correlated with monthly rainfall. The breeding behavior comprised vocal and tactile interactions, although the species lacked reproductive amplexus. Egg and larvae attendance, as well as tadpole transport to water environments was performed mostly by males but occasionally by females, probably in cases of desertion by the father. This species is characterized by performing courtship, mating, oviposition, as well as egg and larvae attendance exclusively on the under surface of leaves, a unique behavior among members of the superfamily Dendrobatoidea.

Hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha como atrativo alimentar para juvenis de jundiá / Sardine waste protein hydrolisate as feeding stimulant for silver catfish juveniles

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização do hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha como atrativo na alimentação do Rhamdia quelen. No experimento 1, foram utilizados os seguintes atrativos alimentares: 1. extrato aquoso de músculo de tilápia-do-Nilo (controle positivo); 2. hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com baixo grau de hidrólise (GH); 3. hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com alto GH; 4. hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com alto GH diluído (10% da concentração) e 5. controle usando somente água destilada. Após jejum de 48 horas, o comportamento foi registrado em vídeo por um período basal de dois minutos e por mais 18 minutos após a inoculação do atrativo. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e 20 repetições. O experimento 2 foi realizado para avaliar a capacidade do hidrolisado proteico de estimular a ingestão de alimento em juvenis de jundiá. Para isso, foram confeccionados pellets de ágar contendo ou não hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha. Os peixes foram avaliados individualmente e tiveram um período de adaptação de sete dias. Os resultados foram analisados por meio do teste de proporção de Goodman (1964). A inoculação dos hidrolisados com alto e baixo GH aumentou o tempo de movimentação dos barbilhões. O hidrolisado com alto GH diluído proporcionou os mesmos resultados que o hidrolisado com baixo GH , mas as médias não diferiram das obtidas para a água destilada (controle negativo) e do extrato de músculo. O incremento na movimentação de um lado para outro do aquário foi maior (P<0,05) para os hidrolisados com alto e baixo GH. No experimento 2, a proporção de peixes que ingeriu os pellets contendo hidrolisado proteico de resíduo de sardinha com alto GH foi maior (P<0,05) em relação aos que ingeriram os pellets contendo água destilada. O hidrolisado proteico foi eficiente para estimular o comportamento associado à alimentação em juvenis de Rhamdia quelen.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the sardine waste hydrolysate as a feeding stimulant for Rhamdia quelen juveniles. In experiment 1 the following feeding stimulants were evaluated: 1. Aqueous extract of Nile tilapia muscle; 2. sardine waste protein hydrolysate with a low degree of hydrolysis (DH); 3. Sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high GH; 4. sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high GH diluted (10% concentration) and 5. control using only distilled water. The fish were evaluated individually. After 48 hours fasting, the behavior was videotaped for a baseline period of 2 minutes, and for another 18 minutes after attractive inoculation. The design was completely randomized with three treatments and twenty repetitions. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effect of the sardine waste protein hydrolysate on the food intake of silver catfish. For this purpose agar pellets were produced containing or not sardine waste protein hydrolysate. The fish were evaluated individually and had an adjustment period of 7 days. The results were analyzed using the Goodman test (1964). Inoculation of the sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high and low GH increased the barbel movement time. The sardine waste protein hydrolyzate diluted with high GH yielded the same results as the hydrolysate with low GH, but did not differ from the average obtained for distilled water (negative control) and muscle extract. The increase in moving side to side in the aquarium was higher (P<0.05) for sardine waste protein hydrolysate with high and low GH. In experiment 2 the proportion of fish that ingested the pellets containing sardine waste protein hydrolysate was higher (P<0.05) than the proportion of fish that ingested the pellets containing distilled water. The sardine waste protein hydrolysate was efficient to stimulate the feeding associated behavior in Rhamdia quelen juveniles.(AU)

Effects of Yuanzhi San on Ethology and Cerebral Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Memory Disorder Mouse Model Induced by Scopolamine / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To observe the effects of Yuanzhi San (YZS) on the ethology and cerebral acetylcholinesterase(AchE) activity of mouse model of memory disorder induced by scopolamine. Methods Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups, namely blank control group, model group, positive medicine group, and low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose YZS groups. Except for the blank control group and model group were given the normal saline, the mice in other groups were administered with the corresponding drugs for 10 days. And then, mice in the medication groups were given subcutaneous injection of scopolamine in the dose of 3mg/kg to induce memory disorder model. Morris water maze test and step-down test were adopted for the observation of the learning-memory ability of the mice, and at the end of the tests, the activity of AchE in mouse cerebral cortex was measured by a biochemical method. Results Compared with the model group, escape latency was decreased, and retention time and swimming distance in the effective area in Morris water maze test were prolonged in YZS groups (P0.05). Conclusion YZS exerts certain effect on improving learning-memory ability of memory disorder mice induced by scopolamine , and the mechanism might be related with the inhibition of AchE activity in the cerebral cortex of model mice.